Water Treatment

Hardness is a caused due to the existence of minerals in water (calcium, magnesium, iron, ...)

Hardness is measured in united of mg/L as CaCO³ or meq/L

Calculate Concentration as C_CaCO3

Concentration C in mg/L
Atomic/Molecular Weight mg/mmol
Equivalent Weight	{{EW()}} mg/meq
Concentration meq/L	{{Cq()}} meq/L
Concentration as CCaCO3	{{CCaCO3()}} mg/L

Total Hardness

Ca2+	Mg2+	Fe2+

Fe3+	Mn3+	Sr2+

Al3+
	TH {{TH()}} meq/L	TH as CaCO3 {{THCaCO3()}} mg/L

Breakthrough - ION Exchange

Initial Hardness
Desired Hardness
% Bypass	{{Bp()}}
Water Softener Resin Volume
Resin Exchange Capacity
Volume of Water Used
Time for Regenration Cycle	{{trCycle()}} day

Lime Soda Softening

Treatment follows removal of Calcium Carbonate (using lime) → Magnesium Carbonate → Calcium non-carbonate (using soda ash)